Hell Is Real, but it isn’t just a billboard on I-71 – it’s knowing that Ohio is host to the sixth greatest number of data centers in the U.S – or more than more than 61 countries.
As of May 2026, Ohio ranks sixth in the nation for number of data centers, with over 200 calling the Buckeye state home (3). Virginia, at no. 1 for the U.S. and the world, hosts 603 (3). The data center boom is happening all around us – every single U.S. state including Alaska and Hawaii have them, and globally, over 12,000 are in operation, with 4000+ of those in the U.S. – but what does this rapidly developing technological revolution mean for our environment and communities (3)? It’s time we took a serious look at how these energy and water costly operations impact the space and people around them.
In Ohio, the bulk of data centers are concentrated in Columbus, where 114 operate with a
noticeable hum. Cleveland is the next hub, with 22, and for good reason (3). Lake Erie presents a considerable source of water, something most data centers use to cool their servers.
Most people haven’t and will not have the opportunity to enter a data center and witness
operations for themselves, but in short, they are large, climate-controlled warehouses that
contain hundreds, even thousands, of computers that run continuously. This requires a great
deal of energy and creates a great deal of heat – similar to your laptop overheating when you’re running too many programs, have too many tabs open, and haven’t shut it off in a week – and most data centers use water to cool their servers. AI data centers differ from regular data centers, which often host things like cloud storage (because while your files and information aren’t physically stored with you, they are physically stored elsewhere), in that AI data centers in particular require even more energy and produce even more heat, and this shouldn’t come as a shock. AI searches or prompts given to ChatGPT – the most popular AI tool for personal and workplace use – use up to 10x more computing power than a normal search engine query. In real terms, a 100-word response from ChatGPT requires roughly one bottle of water for cooling purposes (9,12). And asking for an AI-generated image or video? Worse. In terms of energy, a 5-second video uses as much electricity as a microwave ran for an hour straight (17,49).
Sam Altman, CEO of OpenAI, the company that created ChatGPT, reported in December 2025that ChatGPT’s 900 million+ weekly users send over 2.5 billion prompts to ChatGPT per day (11).
So, where is all the water needed to cool those servers coming from? 95% is sourced through
municipal or regional water utility companies, which source their water from nearby lakes,
reservoirs, rivers, and groundwater from aquifers, i.e., the local watershed (14). Estimates vary
by size, but a mid-sized data center can use as much water daily as a small town, and a larger-scale center may use upwards of 5 million gallons of water daily, equivalent to 5 Canal
Winchesters or all of Newark at 50,000 people (12,13).
It’s important to remember that fresh water on planet earth is a finite resource. Just three
percent of Earth’s water volume is fresh water, and only .5 percent of that is accessible and safe for consumption (12). Data centers are endlessly thirsty for a valuable and vulnerable resource, and a sobering report from Bloomberg shares that of the data centers built since 2022 in the U.S., about two-thirds were built in locations where water scarcity is already a problem (16).
It’s also important to consider the history of the land and water being used. Looking at Lake Erie specifically, the lake has struggled with toxic algal blooms since the 1960s, largely from runoff pollution when nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous, and other agricultural chemicals make their way into the lake when rainfall washes them off fields and into streams that feed into the lake. The agal blooms are an overgrowth of cyanobacteria, commonly known as blue-green algae, which produce toxins that harm wildlife and humans. In 2014, a particularly bad bloom forced authorities to shut off water for Toledo residents for three days to prevent sickness (59). In humans, consumption of or exposure to contaminated water can result in GI issues, skin rashes, liver and kidney damage, and even death (59). In wildlife – clogged gills in fish, and broadly, increased stress levels, weaker immune systems, difficulty breathing, and death.
The overgrowth is worsened in late summer as the water temperature rises – something that
may be exacerbated further when wastewater from data centers is released back into a water
source without being cooled.
How exactly is water used in the cooling process for data center servers? In a number of
different ways depending on things like location and climate. Evaporative cooling is most
common because it’s simple and cost-effective; water is brought into the facility and turned into water vapor that, upon contact with the equipment in need of cooling, evaporates and cools the equipment, much like how sweating cools the human body down. The water that has evaporated, which is most of it, is no longer available to be used in the cooling process, so more water is required to continue the process. The water that doesn’t evaporate (12) is usually discharged back into the local water source, and this is where pollution occurs. The water may be contaminated with PFAs - forever chemicals that don’t break down - and biocides and anti- scaling agents as well as heavy metals, compounds such as nitrates or minerals like calcium, and other contaminants that were already present in the water when it was brought in, but because there is now less water, are concentrated to potentially harmful levels (38).
If you’re thinking that these processes seem like they require a lot of energy in the form of
electricity, you’d be correct. A massive Meta datacenter currently planned for Cheyenne,
Wyoming will use more electricity than every single home in the state combined (15).
In addition to or as a result of the energy use required to operate data centers, in many cases transmission lines and other energy infrastructure must be built, and in some cases, eminent domain is employed to acquire the space to build them. Eminent domain allows federal, state, and local government entities to seize and use private property when it’s needed for public use. But can a private company’s data center be considered public use, and is it truly “necessary”? Regardless, Tom Uttech and his 52 acres in Saukville, Wisconsin are under threat from this legal process (18). Uttech’s lived on this property for 40 years, but now, in 2026, a $15 billion data center built nearby needs a transmission line built to power it, and Oracle, Open AI, and Vantage Data Centers – the companies that will use and operate the new data center – plan to put it on his land.
While most citizens won’t have to fight the imposition of data centers directly on their land,
people nationwide are reporting noticeable jumps in their electricity bills when a data center
springs up in their town or city, and there’s been an increasing resentment and resistance from residents towards allowing data center projects in their communities, in large because of rising utility costs (8).
Electricity prices across the U.S. increased by six percent in 2025, more than double the rate of inflation at 2.9 percent (17,18,19). In Ohio, this translated to a 12 percent increase in electric bills. In 2018, data centers constituted 1.9 percent of the nation’s energy usage. In 2024, 4.4 percent (2,49). In 2028, it’s expected to hit between 6.7 to 12 percent (20). Currently, the data centers themselves receive tax breaks (2,8,22,30), sometimes as long as 30 years, from state and local governments trying to attract them, and the federal government is also extremely pro- data centers and AI (10,21,30). In a Truth Social post from January 12, 2026, President Trump wrote, “We are the “HOTTEST” Country in the World, and Number One in AI. Data Centers are the key to that boom and keeping Americans FREE and SECURE.” (64).
In Ohio, pro-data center legislature is playing out in real time as the Ohio EPA is considering
approving a new general and streamlined permit concerning data center wastewater discharge. It would allow for more projects to be approved in a shorter amount of time – something the Trump administration has pushed for – and, in the EPA’s own words, will result in a “lowering of water quality” claimed “necessary to accommodate important social and economic development” (6). Streams, rivers, and lakes across the state would be affected by this change in permitting, which does not acknowledge that each water source is unique and so any permit affecting them should also be unique and appropriately tailored, but it also notably fails to place any protections at all on discharging wastewater from data centers into Lake Erie.
It’s important to recognize that Ohio waters already have a long and tumultuous history with
pollution. Aside from the aforementioned agal blooms that plague Lake Erie, the Ohio River
Basin is recognized as one of our country’s most polluted watersheds (60); acid mine drainage still renders portions of southeastern Ohio waterways uninhabitable by wildlife even years after mining operations have ceased (61); the Cuyahoga River caught fire multiple times as a result of its extensive pollution in the 20 th century (62); and, most recently, in 2025, the Campbell Soup Co. polluted the Maumee River in over 5400 violations of the Clean Water Act (63).
Back to electricity and again in Ohio, Asim Haque, a vice president at the company PJM
Interconnection that manages the electrical grid that serves Ohio, warned in February 2025 that as demand for power is increasing – mostly as a result of energy intensive data centers – the supply isn’t. In an interview with WOSU, Haque said, “The majority of the country is either at an elevated or a high risk of a reliability event across the country. And it's not a story that's being told. Our grid, from a purely supply demand perspective, is in trouble.” (4,5). In practical terms, a “reliability event” means people losing power, potentially as a result of needing to ration where it goes. This, after power grids all over the U.S. have already suffered major catastrophic failure events; recall winter of 2021 in Texas where 246 people died from causes related to the power blackout. As a reminder, Texas hosts 461 data centers (3).
In March 2026, in response to the growing backlash against data centers, President Trump
announced the Ratepayer Protection Pledge, which requires parties that sign to build or buy the majority of the electricity needed to power their operations, as well as the associated
infrastructure to connect to the grid, to prevent average Americans’ electric bills rising. The
pledge is voluntary (47).
Across the country, others are affected by the materialization of data centers near their homes in more ways.
In Loudon County, Virginia, what has come to be known as Data Center Valley, residents report a constant humming sound – a low grade but ever-present noise. It’s the sound of nearly 200 data centers in operation, but even when I visited just one data center in Lancaster, Ohio, where there is little traffic noise, I heard it, too (I also noticed two homes for sale directly across from each other less than half a mile away from the data center). One resident, Carlos Yanes, of Prince William County, Virginia, spent twenty-thousand dollars adding insulation to his home and replacing windows to help dampen the data centers’ droning after he and his family suffered from headaches and loss of sleep. Despite the upgrades, he says he can still hear it (22?).
People aren’t the only ones impacted by data center noise. The University of Florida published findings in 2020 that noted the negative impact of anthropogenic noise on birds and their behaviors, in particular during breeding season (67).
Data centers run continuously and must be prepared for potential power outages to ensure they continue to do so, so they house dozens, sometimes hundreds of backup generators powered by diesel or natural gas. Over the summer of 2025, a fire damaged a substation delivering power to data centers in Loudon County, and the bus-sized backup generators ran for days, emitting air pollutants – though the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality maintained these were below maximum thresholds for human health (29). In the event of a massive power outage, hundreds of back-up generators that spew fine particulate matter and nitric oxides, dangers to human health for their links to asthma and other respiratory diseases, could come online in a densely populated area, and residents worry about the implications of scenarios like this for air quality (17,23,30).
For all the real and potential harm, the data center and AI industry are responsible for, they offer us something incredible in return, right? Hundreds of thousands of jobs, maybe? On the contrary – despite their massive size, the average data center only employs about 50 people (7), and the construction jobs created during development, while momentarily significant, are only temporary and don’t always employ local workers.
For all the impact data centers have on the communities they inhabit, they operate with
transparency and a willingness to openly discuss their project(s) and what it will mean for the
communities, right? On the contrary still – most data centers operate under NDAs (17,52).
Project developers claim the nondisclosure agreements are needed to protect trade secrets, but what does it mean for the people involved? One Kentucky family was offered $10 million dollars for their farmland, but the representative of the interested buyer wouldn’t name the company he represented, himself, or the intended use of the land beyond that it was “industrial.” Upon selling, the landowner, Dr. Timothy Grosser, would receive limited information on the project. Grosser refused (39).
Public officials, too, sign NDAs when attracting and working with data center projects. Thirty
data center projects taking place in 14 states were reviewed by NBC, and the results found that the majority of local public officials involved in the projects signed NDAs (38,30,52). Some were even legally prevented from sharing any information on the projects with the community members they represented. This results in data centers being months along in the planning process before residents know what is being built in their communities (39,52).
Economic and political forces claim failure to adopt and support data centers and AI will result in the United States falling behind other countries, but what does it mean to fall behind?
Studies find that learning retention, memory recall, and creativity suffer with the use of AI in
school (25). For the first time in American history, a new generation, Gen Z, is less cognitively
capable in terms of memory, attention span, executive function, and IQ than their predecessor (28). Logically, this makes sense; it’s long been established that physically writing notes results in better recall than typing them, and in that same vein, spending hours reading books, articles, and other sources to write a report involves greater immersion and interaction with material than prompting ChatGPT to summarize them. AI often simplifies and misses key details; when reading the original source, a school student may be subject to say, a word they haven’t seen before, and, if they want to know what it means, will have to look it up. But an AI summary is a sanitized version purposefully meant to be more easily digested, and this ease is what keeps brains from growing. Growth, in terms of muscles – including the brain – only occurs outside of the “comfort” zone. And this isn’t just generational bias conjecture; one 2025 study found a “significant negative correlation between frequent AI tool usage and critical thinking abilities” (24).
Additionally, the general attitude toward AI from users is one of implicit trust, but AI isn’t
infallible. In many cases personally, when the Google AI summary has appeared after I’ve
queried a search concerning wildlife, it contains information I know, from my schooling and
experience in the field, to be incorrect; perhaps more seriously, doctors urge patients not to use AI for medical diagnoses and advice. In other instances, people have reported experiencing what they describe as “being in love” with their regularly-used chatbot, cases of their romantic partner “cheating” on them with an AI chatbot, and on some occasions, even leaving them entirely (27). These instances can be filed under the new term “AI Psychosis.” Behavioral changes as a result of interaction with AI can be startling; parents of multiple children across the U.S and other countries, including 14-year-old Sewell Setzer III of Florida, have mourned the loss of their children as AI chatbots encouraged suicide. In particular among children and young adults, who are already experiencing an identity death and rebirth as they go through puberty, enter high school, and experience other early life milestones in cognitive and social development, AI chatbots can act as an echo chamber and serve to further isolate users already vulnerable during an extremely sensitive time. This can and has had tragic results. Before ending his life, Sewell messaged his regularly used chatbot that it had become his closest friend (26).
In a research scenario, ten of the most popular AI chatbots assisted users in planning violent
acts in hundreds of instances (48).
Can the United States call itself a civilized nation – “the HOTTEST in the world” when not only are adults and children suffering from AI psychosis with little to no concern from the authorities that have the power to regulate the AI industry and choose not to, but also when one of its most popular social media sites, X (formerly Twitter) hosts an AI chatbot that hundreds of users have used to generate thousands of images of deepfake and child pornography (36)? Are its citizens “SAFE and SECURE” when no legal action from regulators has been taken against the owner of this site, Elon Musk, who continues to allow this gross usage of its chatbot, Grok, for these indefensible purposes? Three teenage girls from California have filed a lawsuit against Musk for facilitating child pornography when a Grok user prompted Grok to generate sexually graphic images of them (37). On the topic of this specific usage of his chatbot, Musk has written on X, “Obviously, Grok does not spontaneously generate images, it does so only according to user requests,” which sounds remarkably like an attempt to dodge accountability (37). This is the same Elon Musk who's massive xAi Colossus 2 data center in Mississippi began use of temporary methane gas turbines (which residents describe as loud as a jet engine) without first acquiring the proper permits concerning air pollution (23). The Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality holds that temporary turbines don’t require permits, but this means the turbines in question have been running unregulated since November of 2025.
Are United States citizens and others around the globe “SAFE and SECURE” when the
Department of Defense wants to use AI for military purposes, without human oversight, to act with lethal force? In March 2026, a deal between an AI company, Anthropic, and the Pentagon fell through when Anthropic refused to concede on its two non-negotiables concerning the military’s usage of its tech: don’t use Anthropic’s AI to mass surveil U.S. citizens, and don’t use Anthropic’s AI to power autonomous weapons. When Anthropic refused to remove the safeguards that would prevent its AI model from performing these kinds of tasks, the U.S. government labeled Anthropic a national security risk and blacklisted the company (34,35).
Local and state governments and police departments are also partnering with surveillance
companies such as Flock Safety to install 80,000 and counting of AI-powered license plate
readers and cameras across the U.S., and federal authorities can claim access to them at any
time – despite the statistic that in San Jose, California, where over 360 million images were
taken of license plates in 2024, only .25 percent were even relevant to law enforcement (69).
While AI and the dater centers that power it is increasingly used by the average citizen and that impact shouldn’t be ignored, neither should the growing use of AI by government organizations and their imperative to gather data on their own citizens.
Was grandmother Agela Lipps of Tennessee “SAFE and SECURE” when AI facial recognition
software used by Fargo, North Dakota police incorrectly identified her as a bank fraud suspect? After spending over five months in jail thousands of miles from her home and subsequently losing her home and car when she was unable to make payments, Lipps would likely argue otherwise (43, 44).
Does an AI chatbot listening to interactions between customers and Burger King employees
rank that high in our list of priorities in making America “SAFE and SECURE”? The chatbot,
Patty, will monitor whether employees use verbiage such as “please” and “thankyou” to assess “friendliness”. One online response to this news from an X user reads, “I’d rather have the employee be rude to me than have this be a thing.” Another, “The average Burger King worker is paid $13.65 per hour… If you want employees to act happier at work, pay them a living wage to be there.” (45).
Did the Waymo self-driving car that blocked an ambulance responding to a deadly shooting in Texas in March 2026 this year for two minutes help make the victims awaiting treatment “SAFE and SECURE” (46)?
Do the thousands of employees laid off from their jobs after being deemed unnecessary after a supervisor tasked AI with doing their work feel as if America is the “HOTTEST in the world” (54,55)?
Returning to data centers and their environment impact: so much of Ohio’s – and the country’s – land and water are already scarred, still struggling to recover, or at risk of exploitation and pollution. How much will we deem acceptable for a cause that has so little genuine benefit?
In March 2026, federal officials from the Trump administration joined representatives from
Softbank, a Japanese AI company, in Pike County, Ohio, to announce the construction of what will be the largest data center in Ohio at 3,700 acres, or roughly 6 square miles (40). It will require 10 gigawatts of electricity (equivalent to powering 7.5 million homes), though Softbank CEO Masayoshi Son has said electricity bills for local residents won’t increase because an accompanying 9.2-gigawatt natural gas power plant will be built to power the center (40). The project is being built on federal land, on what was once the Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion plant, which enriched uranium for weapons during the Cold War. The plant was shut down in 2001, and the original plan was for the land to be slowly cleaned of its radioactive waste and turned over to the community. A few hundred acres have been returned to the community in this manner, but the rest is still government property – which may explain why Ohio regulators and PJM weren’t notified of the project (41). When I spoke with one local business owner, he expressed that most locals, including himself, have positive opinions of the new project. And when Son promised a $40 million donation to the local community, it’s hard to disagree in terms of economic impact. He also mentioned the Piketon community needs jobs, and this is true, and true elsewhere throughout Ohio and the United States, but in particular Appalachia, where the absence of industry has created generational economic hardship and poverty. Small town communities need an answer, but can – and should – data centers be it? Other rural areas answer no for many of the aforementioned reasons.
Residents of Box Elder County, Utah, for example, largely and passionately oppose the
construction of millionaire Kevin O’Leary’s and the Utah Military Installation Development
Authority’s 62 square mile data center in their already drought-stricken area. Dubbed Stratos,
the almost incomprehensible project will be the largest data center in the world and use water from the Great Salt Lake – a body of water that’s been suffering amid climate change and subsequently decreasing in size for years. It will also use more electricity than the entire state of Utah, and all that energy use creates heat; one physics professor at Utah State University estimated that the heat given off from Stratos may raise daytime temperatures in the surrounding area by 2-5 degrees Fahrenheit and nighttime temperatures as much as 8-12
degrees Fahrenheit, exponentially worsening evaporation in the valley (65).
Just under 4,000 Utah residents left comments through an online form in objection to the
project, but Box Elder county commissioners still approved it – after announcing they wouldn’t be accepting public comment at the May 4th hearing, and after moving said hearing discussing it online, further limiting the public’s involvement (65). Still, a few days later, thousands more Utah residents paid $15 each to file formal protests against the decision, Then, on May 20th , a legislative interim committee announced their approval of a study to be conducted on the impacts of data centers on wildlife, water, and air in Utah (68).
Despite what feels like a constant onslaught of newer and bigger data centers materializing
everywhere and anywhere, it is possible to push back against data centers and the AI they’re
being built for. In September of 2025, in Union County, Ohio, Jerome Township trustees agreed unanimously to place a nine-month moratorium on new data center construction after residents voiced their complaints (,30). They also aim to categorize data centers as “conditional land use” instead of “permitted land use” to allow for more oversite from the township (1). In central Ohio, concern from residents convinced local authorities to deny a proposed 680-acre data center in Ashville (31). Community opposition forced an open house put on by the data center company, EdgeConneX, to use a larger venue to accommodate attendance (2). In 2025, the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio approved a new rule put forth by AEP, the local power company for central Ohio, that requires data centers to purchase a minimum amount of electricity and pay for 85% of the power they said they would use, even if they don’t use it all, in order to help prevent individual consumers from footing the bill for the increased electricity demand (30,32). The data center developers must also pay for necessary grid upgrades. Operators such as Google, Meta, and Microsoft have expressed “disappointment” in the new requirements, and it is also being challenged in court by the Ohio Manufacturers Association (2,8,32). In May this year, Cleveland rejected the application for a permit for a $1.6 billion hyperscale data center (66).In Adams and
Brown counties, 1,800 signatures were gathered in support of putting an amendment on the
ballot for the state constitution to ban data centers over 25 megawatts (58). Monterey Park in
California has, as of April this year, become the first city to permanently ban data centers within city limits (57). In Maine, a bill was proposed that would place a moratorium on all new data centers until 2027, the first of its kind. In April, it was vetoed by Governor Janet Mills – though she did sign a bill that prevents data center projects from being eligible for Maine’s business development tax incentive programs (53).
In Utah, concerning the Stratos project of Box Elder County, the Box Elder Accountability
Referendum are pushing a referendum that would put approval of the data center to a vote in November (65).
More broadly, $64 billion in data center projects in the U.S. has been blocked or delayed as a result of community opposition from May 2024 to March 2025 (10,33). Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders and New York representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez put forth a Senate bill in March 2026 that would place a moratorium on all data centers until legislative policy reflected ample consideration for the environmental impacts of data centers. On his reasoning behind calling for federal policy, Sanders has said, “It has yet to be determined if – not how – the industry can ever operate in a manner that sufficiently protects people and society from the profusion of inherent hazards and harms that datacenters bring wherever they appear.” (56).
What can resistance to data centers and AI look like in everyday life? Avoiding the use of AI,
most simply. While it may be sold as necessary and invaluable, society has progressed thus far without it, and should AI disappear from the world tomorrow, would continue to progress without it. High school and college students have written countless papers, professionals have written countless memos and emails, and artists have created countless pieces of work without AI for years. Is shaving off a few seconds or minutes, or even hours, really worth doling out incomprehensible damage to our land, water, wildlife, and people? There are some legitimate uses of AI, but they should be carefully thought out and only used when strictly necessary, and ChatGPT writing a letter to grandma, as IBM suggests, doesn’t count (42).
In short – be human. Don’t run your life, the human experience, through an algorithm and let it decide how you should think, feel, and act.
You can also get involved by contacting your local and state officials and agencies, such as the County Commission, City Council, and Department of Development to ask what rules,
regulations, and plans they have in place concerning data centers in the area, and can attend
city hall meetings and join online and in-person advocacy groups. At these meetings, you can ask the city council, for example, to dissolve NDAs surrounding data center projects 90 days before county bodies vote on them.
Other actions you can take include but aren’t limited to:
- Scrolling past the AI overview and manually searching multiple sources for the answer to
a query yourself
- Considering switching off the AI overview if possible or adding a simple extension to
your browser to remove the AI overview, or ending each search query with -ai to avoid
the AI overview
- Using a different browser, such as DuckDuckGo, instead of Google
- Not engaging with AI content on social media
- Considering using pen and paper to keep track of information normally managed with an
app, which may be using AI without advertising it
- Talking to friends and family about AI usage
- Not purchasing home décor or artwork that looks as if it was made with AI (this is now
common in big box stores)
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Leah Conway is an Ohio naturalist and wildlife photographer. She has been photographing local Ohio flora and fauna for the past ten years, with an emphasis on salamanders, wildflowers, and lepidoptera – butterflies and moths. During this time, she also acquired a Bachelor of Fine Art in Photography from Columbus College of Art & Design and, mostly recently, a natural resources management degree from Hocking College. She hopes to advocate and facilitate positive change for the natural world via education, inspiration, and direct participation in conservation causes.
Instagram: leahconwayphotography
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